The (Short-Term) Effects of Large Language Models on Unemployment and Earnings

• https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.15510
• Danqing Chen, Carina Kane, Austin Kozlowski, Nadav Kunievsky, James Evans

This study estimates AI’s Social impact (short-term) using Difference in differences method.

workers in highly exposed occupations experienced earnings increases following ChatGPT’s introduction, while unemployment rates remained unchanged.

Exposure score is calculated using Handa2025which, which is based on ONET dataset.

See also Frank2025AI.