A threat-based hate model: How symbolic and realistic threats underlie hate and aggression

• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103122001123?dgcid=raven_sd_via_email

Hate

Hate is better predicted by symbolic than realistic threats

Realistic threats: threats to safety, goals, or resources.

Symbolic threats: threats to worldviews, values, and identity.