Position: Message-passing and spectral GNNs are two sides of the same coin

• https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.10031
• Antonis Vasileiou, Juan Cervino, Pascal Frossard, et al.

Graph neural network, Message passing, Spectral graph theory

Charilaos I, a co-author here, also explores GNN positional encodings in Kanatsoulis2025learning.