Segregation

Segregation may be exacerbated by strong Inequality. Invisible borders can be created due to segregation. Robert Sampson showed that racial segregation is stronger than class segregation (Wang2018urban).

Esteban Moro and Susan Athey suggested to measure segregation not only based on people’s home address, but also by where they visit and to whom they are exposed throughout the day. Athey2020segregation suggests a measure called Experienced isolation, which “captures individuals’ exposure to diverse others in the places they visit over the course of their days.” They followed up with large-scale GPS data in Athey2021estimating. Esteban Moro also suggested ways to measure experienced income segregation (see http://estebanmoro.org/post/2019-02-02-behavioral-fundations-of-inequality/). Time dynamics of income segregation at neighborhood scale also studies this.

Brown2021measurement studies the partisan sorting using Voting data.

USC researchers created “Segregation index”: https://socialinnovation.usc.edu/segregation/