Simpson's paradox

In Europe, the excess death rate (vs. summer) increases as the winter average temperature goes up. However, the colder the weather is in each country, the more deaths occur (source):

winter excess deaths across countries in europe|400

Simpson’s paradox describes a situation where the observed trend reverses depending on whether we pool the data or divide into strata (Wikipedia).

Also related to the differences across pooled, random effects, and fixed effects Regression analysis. See also Berkson’s paradox.

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